Saturday 2 February 2019

Could Monte Mario be 'Janiculan'?

OK, so the Janiculan proper is too far south for a decent (or any) view of, say, the grove of Anna Perenna. Monte Mario is really well placed for that. But could Martial ever have called this much more northerly hill 'Janiculan'?

There's no way he knew it as Monte Mario; that name is much more recent. The proper name for it seems to have been Cinna's Rise, Clivus Cinnae. It appears from Cicero as though Romans saw it as part of the same range as, at least, its neighbour to the south: a letter to Atticus mentions the Vaticani Montes (XIII.33.4), the 'Vatican Range'. The question is whether this range was thought of as extending south as well as north of the Vatican hill (as we've seen, the gap between the Vatican and the Janiculan proper is pretty big).

Two isolated mentions -- one Latin, one Greek -- open up the possibility that the Janiculan name could sometimes extend up from the south to include the whole 'Vatican Range'.

Coming at the problem from the south side and in Latin, a compliment of Horace to Maecenas that the ‘echo of the Vatican Hill’ returned to him the praise he heard ‘in the theatre’ (Odes 1.20.3, 7-8) is sometimes interpreted to mean that the Janiculan could count as one of the Vaticani Montes. That would make it part of the same range as the Vatican and Monte Mario. However, Horace does not tell us which theatre he was inviting Maecenas to recall: Pompey’s (as yet Rome’s only permanent public theatre), which the Janiculan overlooks, or some temporary structure on the as yet undeveloped Campus Martius, across from the Vatican? And besides, he is flattering his patron: the further the hill that echoed it back, the louder the applause must have been.

On the Greek side and coming at the problem from the north, Dionysius of Halicarnassus’ Roman Antiquities (IX.14.8) has the army of Veii embarrassing the Romans by penetrating (in the Loeb translation) ‘as far as the river Tiber and Mount Janiculum, which is not twenty stades from Rome’. Twenty stades is a couple of our miles, making the hill we know as the Janiculan too close in: Monte Mario is further out and the Veiientes were coming from the north, so the fit is better. Dionysius’ usage is isolated but he lived in Rome for decades and must have known its surroundings well.

Conceivably then, Romans counted the Janiculan as part of a Vatican range — depending on Maecenas' theatre habits and what exactly Horace is trying to prove. It's Dionysius who really delivers, though. His account definitely implies that Monte Mario could count as ‘Janiculan’, at least from a certain point of view. Dionysius holds open the door of possibility for inscribing Martial's five lines on the Clivus Cinnae ...

at the other end of the Vatican Range ...

and always assuming the Janiculan even counted as being in the Janiculan range.

One other time at least, when Martial calls a villa Janiculan, HE MEANS JANICULAN.


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